What is the difference between reproducibility and replication?

Why

Suppose a published RNA-seq analysis reports differential expression. Reproducing it means rerunning the authors’ workflow on the original sequencing files and confirming the counts, contrasts and results under documented computational conditions. Replicating it means generating independent samples in a new study and testing whether the biological conclusion is consistent within uncertainty.

A pipeline can reproduce perfectly yet encode a flawed design or confounder. Conversely, failure to replicate may arise from populations, instruments or power rather than proof that the first result was fabricated. Explain that terminology varies by discipline and explicitly state which definition is used.

Strong research practice aims for both transparent computation and independent empirical evidence, and documents differences rather than hiding them.